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First Pan-African Conference
The First Pan-African Conference was held in London from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 "in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events").〔Ramla Bandele, ("Pan-African Conference in 1900" ), Article #461, Origins of the movement for global black unity, Global Mappings.〕 Organized primarily by the Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester Williams,〔("A history of Pan-Africanism" ), ''New Internationalist'', 326, August 2000.〕 it took place in Westminster Hall〔("The First Pan African Conference of 1900" ). Global Pan African Movement.〕 and was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers〔Peter Fryer in ''Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain'' (Pluto Press, 1984) quotes these figures from Owen Charles Mathurin, ''Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911'', Greenwood Press, 1976, p. 62.〕〔Marika Sherwood (in "Pan-African Conferences, 1900-1953: What Did ‘Pan-Africanism’ Mean?" ) identifies "three Africans attending; fifteen West Indians and nine Africans temporarily in the UK mainly as students; five Black Britons and nineteen visiting African-Americans".〕 from Africa, the West Indies, the US and the UK, including Samuel Coleridge Taylor (the youngest delegate),〔Jeffrey Greene, ("Do we really know Samuel Coleridge-Taylor?" ) Talk for the Black and Asian Studies Association Conference, London, 27 June 2009.〕 John Alcindor, Dadabhai Naoroji, John Archer, Henry Francis Downing, and W. E. B. Du Bois, with Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church taking the chair.〔Tony Martin, ''Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond'' (Dover: Majority Press, 1985), p. 207.〕 Du Bois played a leading role, drafting a letter ("Address to the Nations of the World")〔("(1900) W. E. B. Du Bois, 'To the Nations of the World'" ), BlackPast.org〕 to European leaders appealing to them to struggle against racism, to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to self-government and demanding political and other rights for African Americans.〔
==Background==
On 24 September 1897, Henry Sylvester Williams had been instrumental in founding the African Association (not to be confused with the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa), in response to the European partition of Africa that followed the 1884-5 Congress of Berlin. The formation of the association marked an early stage in the development of the anti-colonialist movement, and was established to encourage the unity of Africans and people of African descent, particularly in territories of the British empire.〔"African Association", in E. L. Bute and H. J. P. Harmer, ''The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the African Diaspora'', London & Washington: Cassell, 1997, p. 111.〕 In March 1898 the association issued a circular calling for a pan-African conference. Booker T. Washington, who had been travelling in the UK in the summer of 1899, wrote in a letter to African-American newspapers:
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